Transport¶
Core protocol implementation
- class paramiko.transport.Transport(sock, default_window_size=2097152, default_max_packet_size=32768, gss_kex=False, gss_deleg_creds=True)¶
An SSH Transport attaches to a stream (usually a socket), negotiates an encrypted session, authenticates, and then creates stream tunnels, called channels, across the session. Multiple channels can be multiplexed across a single session (and often are, in the case of port forwardings).
Instances of this class may be used as context managers.
- __init__(sock, default_window_size=2097152, default_max_packet_size=32768, gss_kex=False, gss_deleg_creds=True)¶
Create a new SSH session over an existing socket, or socket-like object. This only creates the Transport object; it doesn’t begin the SSH session yet. Use connect or start_client to begin a client session, or start_server to begin a server session.
If the object is not actually a socket, it must have the following methods:
- send(str): Writes from 1 to len(str) bytes, and returns an int representing the number of bytes written. Returns 0 or raises EOFError if the stream has been closed.
- recv(int): Reads from 1 to int bytes and returns them as a string. Returns 0 or raises EOFError if the stream has been closed.
- close(): Closes the socket.
- settimeout(n): Sets a (float) timeout on I/O operations.
For ease of use, you may also pass in an address (as a tuple) or a host string as the sock argument. (A host string is a hostname with an optional port (separated by ":") which will be converted into a tuple of (hostname, port).) A socket will be connected to this address and used for communication. Exceptions from the socket call may be thrown in this case.
Note
Modifying the the window and packet sizes might have adverse effects on your channels created from this transport. The default values are the same as in the OpenSSH code base and have been battle tested.
Parameters: Changed in version 1.15: Added the default_window_size and default_max_packet_size arguments.
- __repr__()¶
Returns a string representation of this object, for debugging.
- atfork()¶
Terminate this Transport without closing the session. On posix systems, if a Transport is open during process forking, both parent and child will share the underlying socket, but only one process can use the connection (without corrupting the session). Use this method to clean up a Transport object without disrupting the other process.
New in version 1.5.3.
- get_security_options()¶
Return a SecurityOptions object which can be used to tweak the encryption algorithms this transport will permit (for encryption, digest/hash operations, public keys, and key exchanges) and the order of preference for them.
- set_gss_host(gss_host)¶
Setter for C{gss_host} if GSS-API Key Exchange is performed.
Parameters: gss_host (str) – The targets name in the kerberos database Default: The name of the host to connect to Return type: Void
- start_client(event=None)¶
Negotiate a new SSH2 session as a client. This is the first step after creating a new Transport. A separate thread is created for protocol negotiation.
If an event is passed in, this method returns immediately. When negotiation is done (successful or not), the given Event will be triggered. On failure, is_active will return False.
(Since 1.4) If event is None, this method will not return until negotation is done. On success, the method returns normally. Otherwise an SSHException is raised.
After a successful negotiation, you will usually want to authenticate, calling auth_password or auth_publickey.
Note
connect is a simpler method for connecting as a client.
Note
After calling this method (or start_server or connect), you should no longer directly read from or write to the original socket object.
Parameters: event (.threading.Event) – an event to trigger when negotiation is complete (optional) Raises SSHException: if negotiation fails (and no event was passed in)
- start_server(event=None, server=None)¶
Negotiate a new SSH2 session as a server. This is the first step after creating a new Transport and setting up your server host key(s). A separate thread is created for protocol negotiation.
If an event is passed in, this method returns immediately. When negotiation is done (successful or not), the given Event will be triggered. On failure, is_active will return False.
(Since 1.4) If event is None, this method will not return until negotation is done. On success, the method returns normally. Otherwise an SSHException is raised.
After a successful negotiation, the client will need to authenticate. Override the methods get_allowed_auths, check_auth_none, check_auth_password, and check_auth_publickey in the given server object to control the authentication process.
After a successful authentication, the client should request to open a channel. Override check_channel_request in the given server object to allow channels to be opened.
Note
After calling this method (or start_client or connect), you should no longer directly read from or write to the original socket object.
Parameters: - event (.threading.Event) – an event to trigger when negotiation is complete.
- server (.ServerInterface) – an object used to perform authentication and create channels
Raises SSHException: if negotiation fails (and no event was passed in)
- add_server_key(key)¶
Add a host key to the list of keys used for server mode. When behaving as a server, the host key is used to sign certain packets during the SSH2 negotiation, so that the client can trust that we are who we say we are. Because this is used for signing, the key must contain private key info, not just the public half. Only one key of each type (RSA or DSS) is kept.
Parameters: key (.PKey) – the host key to add, usually an RSAKey or DSSKey.
- get_server_key()¶
Return the active host key, in server mode. After negotiating with the client, this method will return the negotiated host key. If only one type of host key was set with add_server_key, that’s the only key that will ever be returned. But in cases where you have set more than one type of host key (for example, an RSA key and a DSS key), the key type will be negotiated by the client, and this method will return the key of the type agreed on. If the host key has not been negotiated yet, None is returned. In client mode, the behavior is undefined.
Returns: host key (PKey) of the type negotiated by the client, or None.
- static load_server_moduli(filename=None)¶
(optional) Load a file of prime moduli for use in doing group-exchange key negotiation in server mode. It’s a rather obscure option and can be safely ignored.
In server mode, the remote client may request “group-exchange” key negotiation, which asks the server to send a random prime number that fits certain criteria. These primes are pretty difficult to compute, so they can’t be generated on demand. But many systems contain a file of suitable primes (usually named something like /etc/ssh/moduli). If you call load_server_moduli and it returns True, then this file of primes has been loaded and we will support “group-exchange” in server mode. Otherwise server mode will just claim that it doesn’t support that method of key negotiation.
Parameters: filename (str) – optional path to the moduli file, if you happen to know that it’s not in a standard location. Returns: True if a moduli file was successfully loaded; False otherwise. Note
This has no effect when used in client mode.
- close()¶
Close this session, and any open channels that are tied to it.
- get_remote_server_key()¶
Return the host key of the server (in client mode).
Note
Previously this call returned a tuple of (key type, key string). You can get the same effect by calling PKey.get_name for the key type, and str(key) for the key string.
Raises SSHException: if no session is currently active. Returns: public key (PKey) of the remote server
- is_active()¶
Return true if this session is active (open).
Returns: True if the session is still active (open); False if the session is closed
- open_session(window_size=None, max_packet_size=None)¶
Request a new channel to the server, of type "session". This is just an alias for calling open_channel with an argument of "session".
Note
Modifying the the window and packet sizes might have adverse effects on the session created. The default values are the same as in the OpenSSH code base and have been battle tested.
Parameters: Returns: a new Channel
Raises SSHException: if the request is rejected or the session ends prematurely
Changed in version 1.15: Added the window_size and max_packet_size arguments.
- open_x11_channel(src_addr=None)¶
Request a new channel to the client, of type "x11". This is just an alias for open_channel('x11', src_addr=src_addr).
Parameters: src_addr (tuple) – the source address ((str, int)) of the x11 server (port is the x11 port, ie. 6010) Returns: a new Channel Raises SSHException: if the request is rejected or the session ends prematurely
- open_forward_agent_channel()¶
Request a new channel to the client, of type "auth-agent@openssh.com".
This is just an alias for open_channel('auth-agent@openssh.com').
Returns: a new Channel Raises SSHException: if the request is rejected or the session ends prematurely
- open_forwarded_tcpip_channel(src_addr, dest_addr)¶
Request a new channel back to the client, of type "forwarded-tcpip". This is used after a client has requested port forwarding, for sending incoming connections back to the client.
Parameters: - src_addr – originator’s address
- dest_addr – local (server) connected address
- open_channel(kind, dest_addr=None, src_addr=None, window_size=None, max_packet_size=None)¶
Request a new channel to the server. Channels are socket-like objects used for the actual transfer of data across the session. You may only request a channel after negotiating encryption (using connect or start_client) and authenticating.
Note
Modifying the the window and packet sizes might have adverse effects on the channel created. The default values are the same as in the OpenSSH code base and have been battle tested.
Parameters: - kind (str) – the kind of channel requested (usually "session", "forwarded-tcpip", "direct-tcpip", or "x11")
- dest_addr (tuple) – the destination address (address + port tuple) of this port forwarding, if kind is "forwarded-tcpip" or "direct-tcpip" (ignored for other channel types)
- src_addr – the source address of this port forwarding, if kind is "forwarded-tcpip", "direct-tcpip", or "x11"
- window_size (int) – optional window size for this session.
- max_packet_size (int) – optional max packet size for this session.
Returns: a new Channel on success
Raises SSHException: if the request is rejected or the session ends prematurely
Changed in version 1.15: Added the window_size and max_packet_size arguments.
- request_port_forward(address, port, handler=None)¶
Ask the server to forward TCP connections from a listening port on the server, across this SSH session.
If a handler is given, that handler is called from a different thread whenever a forwarded connection arrives. The handler parameters are:
handler(channel, (origin_addr, origin_port), (server_addr, server_port))
where server_addr and server_port are the address and port that the server was listening on.
If no handler is set, the default behavior is to send new incoming forwarded connections into the accept queue, to be picked up via accept.
Parameters: Returns: the port number (int) allocated by the server
Raises SSHException: if the server refused the TCP forward request
- cancel_port_forward(address, port)¶
Ask the server to cancel a previous port-forwarding request. No more connections to the given address & port will be forwarded across this ssh connection.
Parameters:
- open_sftp_client()¶
Create an SFTP client channel from an open transport. On success, an SFTP session will be opened with the remote host, and a new SFTPClient object will be returned.
Returns: a new SFTPClient referring to an sftp session (channel) across this transport
- send_ignore(byte_count=None)¶
Send a junk packet across the encrypted link. This is sometimes used to add “noise” to a connection to confuse would-be attackers. It can also be used as a keep-alive for long lived connections traversing firewalls.
Parameters: byte_count (int) – the number of random bytes to send in the payload of the ignored packet – defaults to a random number from 10 to 41.
- renegotiate_keys()¶
Force this session to switch to new keys. Normally this is done automatically after the session hits a certain number of packets or bytes sent or received, but this method gives you the option of forcing new keys whenever you want. Negotiating new keys causes a pause in traffic both ways as the two sides swap keys and do computations. This method returns when the session has switched to new keys.
Raises SSHException: if the key renegotiation failed (which causes the session to end)
- set_keepalive(interval)¶
Turn on/off keepalive packets (default is off). If this is set, after interval seconds without sending any data over the connection, a “keepalive” packet will be sent (and ignored by the remote host). This can be useful to keep connections alive over a NAT, for example.
Parameters: interval (int) – seconds to wait before sending a keepalive packet (or 0 to disable keepalives).
- global_request(kind, data=None, wait=True)¶
Make a global request to the remote host. These are normally extensions to the SSH2 protocol.
Parameters: Returns: a Message containing possible additional data if the request was successful (or an empty Message if wait was False); None if the request was denied.
- accept(timeout=None)¶
Return the next channel opened by the client over this transport, in server mode. If no channel is opened before the given timeout, None is returned.
Parameters: timeout (int) – seconds to wait for a channel, or None to wait forever Returns: a new Channel opened by the client
- connect(hostkey=None, username='', password=None, pkey=None, gss_host=None, gss_auth=False, gss_kex=False, gss_deleg_creds=True)¶
Negotiate an SSH2 session, and optionally verify the server’s host key and authenticate using a password or private key. This is a shortcut for start_client, get_remote_server_key, and Transport.auth_password or Transport.auth_publickey. Use those methods if you want more control.
You can use this method immediately after creating a Transport to negotiate encryption with a server. If it fails, an exception will be thrown. On success, the method will return cleanly, and an encrypted session exists. You may immediately call open_channel or open_session to get a Channel object, which is used for data transfer.
Note
If you fail to supply a password or private key, this method may succeed, but a subsequent open_channel or open_session call may fail because you haven’t authenticated yet.
Parameters: - hostkey (.PKey) – the host key expected from the server, or None if you don’t want to do host key verification.
- username (str) – the username to authenticate as.
- password (str) – a password to use for authentication, if you want to use password authentication; otherwise None.
- pkey (.PKey) – a private key to use for authentication, if you want to use private key authentication; otherwise None.
- gss_host (str) – The target’s name in the kerberos database. Default: hostname
- gss_auth (bool) – True if you want to use GSS-API authentication.
- gss_kex (bool) – Perform GSS-API Key Exchange and user authentication.
- gss_deleg_creds (bool) – Whether to delegate GSS-API client credentials.
Raises SSHException: if the SSH2 negotiation fails, the host key supplied by the server is incorrect, or authentication fails.
- get_exception()¶
Return any exception that happened during the last server request. This can be used to fetch more specific error information after using calls like start_client. The exception (if any) is cleared after this call.
Returns: an exception, or None if there is no stored exception. New in version 1.1.
- set_subsystem_handler(name, handler, *larg, **kwarg)¶
Set the handler class for a subsystem in server mode. If a request for this subsystem is made on an open ssh channel later, this handler will be constructed and called – see SubsystemHandler for more detailed documentation.
Any extra parameters (including keyword arguments) are saved and passed to the SubsystemHandler constructor later.
Parameters: - name (str) – name of the subsystem.
- handler (class) – subclass of SubsystemHandler that handles this subsystem.
- is_authenticated()¶
Return true if this session is active and authenticated.
Returns: True if the session is still open and has been authenticated successfully; False if authentication failed and/or the session is closed.
- get_username()¶
Return the username this connection is authenticated for. If the session is not authenticated (or authentication failed), this method returns None.
Returns: username that was authenticated (a str), or None.
Return the banner supplied by the server upon connect. If no banner is supplied, this method returns None.
Returns: server supplied banner (str), or None.
- auth_none(username)¶
Try to authenticate to the server using no authentication at all. This will almost always fail. It may be useful for determining the list of authentication types supported by the server, by catching the BadAuthenticationType exception raised.
Parameters: username (str) – the username to authenticate as
Returns: list of auth types permissible for the next stage of authentication (normally empty)
Raises: - BadAuthenticationType – if “none” authentication isn’t allowed by the server for this user
- SSHException – if the authentication failed due to a network error
New in version 1.5.
- auth_password(username, password, event=None, fallback=True)¶
Authenticate to the server using a password. The username and password are sent over an encrypted link.
If an event is passed in, this method will return immediately, and the event will be triggered once authentication succeeds or fails. On success, is_authenticated will return True. On failure, you may use get_exception to get more detailed error information.
Since 1.1, if no event is passed, this method will block until the authentication succeeds or fails. On failure, an exception is raised. Otherwise, the method simply returns.
Since 1.5, if no event is passed and fallback is True (the default), if the server doesn’t support plain password authentication but does support so-called “keyboard-interactive” mode, an attempt will be made to authenticate using this interactive mode. If it fails, the normal exception will be thrown as if the attempt had never been made. This is useful for some recent Gentoo and Debian distributions, which turn off plain password authentication in a misguided belief that interactive authentication is “more secure”. (It’s not.)
If the server requires multi-step authentication (which is very rare), this method will return a list of auth types permissible for the next step. Otherwise, in the normal case, an empty list is returned.
Parameters: - username (str) – the username to authenticate as
- password (basestring) – the password to authenticate with
- event (.threading.Event) – an event to trigger when the authentication attempt is complete (whether it was successful or not)
- fallback (bool) – True if an attempt at an automated “interactive” password auth should be made if the server doesn’t support normal password auth
Returns: list of auth types permissible for the next stage of authentication (normally empty)
Raises: - BadAuthenticationType – if password authentication isn’t allowed by the server for this user (and no event was passed in)
- AuthenticationException – if the authentication failed (and no event was passed in)
- SSHException – if there was a network error
- auth_publickey(username, key, event=None)¶
Authenticate to the server using a private key. The key is used to sign data from the server, so it must include the private part.
If an event is passed in, this method will return immediately, and the event will be triggered once authentication succeeds or fails. On success, is_authenticated will return True. On failure, you may use get_exception to get more detailed error information.
Since 1.1, if no event is passed, this method will block until the authentication succeeds or fails. On failure, an exception is raised. Otherwise, the method simply returns.
If the server requires multi-step authentication (which is very rare), this method will return a list of auth types permissible for the next step. Otherwise, in the normal case, an empty list is returned.
Parameters: - username (str) – the username to authenticate as
- key (.PKey) – the private key to authenticate with
- event (.threading.Event) – an event to trigger when the authentication attempt is complete (whether it was successful or not)
Returns: list of auth types permissible for the next stage of authentication (normally empty)
Raises: - BadAuthenticationType – if public-key authentication isn’t allowed by the server for this user (and no event was passed in)
- AuthenticationException – if the authentication failed (and no event was passed in)
- SSHException – if there was a network error
- auth_interactive(username, handler, submethods='')¶
Authenticate to the server interactively. A handler is used to answer arbitrary questions from the server. On many servers, this is just a dumb wrapper around PAM.
This method will block until the authentication succeeds or fails, peroidically calling the handler asynchronously to get answers to authentication questions. The handler may be called more than once if the server continues to ask questions.
The handler is expected to be a callable that will handle calls of the form: handler(title, instructions, prompt_list). The title is meant to be a dialog-window title, and the instructions are user instructions (both are strings). prompt_list will be a list of prompts, each prompt being a tuple of (str, bool). The string is the prompt and the boolean indicates whether the user text should be echoed.
A sample call would thus be: handler('title', 'instructions', [('Password:', False)]).
The handler should return a list or tuple of answers to the server’s questions.
If the server requires multi-step authentication (which is very rare), this method will return a list of auth types permissible for the next step. Otherwise, in the normal case, an empty list is returned.
Parameters: Returns: list of auth types permissible for the next stage of authentication (normally empty).
Raises: - BadAuthenticationType – if public-key authentication isn’t allowed by the server for this user
- AuthenticationException – if the authentication failed
- SSHException – if there was a network error
New in version 1.5.
- auth_gssapi_with_mic(username, gss_host, gss_deleg_creds)¶
Authenticate to the Server using GSS-API / SSPI.
Parameters: Returns: list of auth types permissible for the next stage of authentication (normally empty)
Return type: list
Raises: - BadAuthenticationType – if gssapi-with-mic isn’t allowed by the server (and no event was passed in)
- AuthenticationException – if the authentication failed (and no event was passed in)
- SSHException – if there was a network error
- auth_gssapi_keyex(username)¶
Authenticate to the Server with GSS-API / SSPI if GSS-API Key Exchange was the used key exchange method.
Parameters: Returns: list of auth types permissible for the next stage of authentication (normally empty)
Return type: list
Raises: - BadAuthenticationType – if GSS-API Key Exchange was not performed (and no event was passed in)
- AuthenticationException – if the authentication failed (and no event was passed in)
- SSHException – if there was a network error
- set_log_channel(name)¶
Set the channel for this transport’s logging. The default is "paramiko.transport" but it can be set to anything you want. (See the logging module for more info.) SSH Channels will log to a sub-channel of the one specified.
Parameters: name (str) – new channel name for logging New in version 1.1.
- get_log_channel()¶
Return the channel name used for this transport’s logging.
Returns: channel name as a str New in version 1.2.
- set_hexdump(hexdump)¶
Turn on/off logging a hex dump of protocol traffic at DEBUG level in the logs. Normally you would want this off (which is the default), but if you are debugging something, it may be useful.
Parameters: hexdump (bool) – True to log protocol traffix (in hex) to the log; False otherwise.
- get_hexdump()¶
Return True if the transport is currently logging hex dumps of protocol traffic.
Returns: True if hex dumps are being logged, else False. New in version 1.4.
- use_compression(compress=True)¶
Turn on/off compression. This will only have an affect before starting the transport (ie before calling connect, etc). By default, compression is off since it negatively affects interactive sessions.
Parameters: compress (bool) – True to ask the remote client/server to compress traffic; False to refuse compression New in version 1.5.2.
- getpeername()¶
Return the address of the remote side of this Transport, if possible. This is effectively a wrapper around 'getpeername' on the underlying socket. If the socket-like object has no 'getpeername' method, then ("unknown", 0) is returned.
Returns: the address of the remote host, if known, as a (str, int) tuple.
- class paramiko.transport.SecurityOptions(transport)¶
Simple object containing the security preferences of an ssh transport. These are tuples of acceptable ciphers, digests, key types, and key exchange algorithms, listed in order of preference.
Changing the contents and/or order of these fields affects the underlying Transport (but only if you change them before starting the session). If you try to add an algorithm that paramiko doesn’t recognize, ValueError will be raised. If you try to assign something besides a tuple to one of the fields, TypeError will be raised.
- __repr__()¶
Returns a string representation of this object, for debugging.
- ciphers¶
Symmetric encryption ciphers
- digests¶
Digest (one-way hash) algorithms
- key_types¶
Public-key algorithms
- kex¶
Key exchange algorithms
- compression¶
Compression algorithms
